Piagets Cognitive Development Theory Wafa Nurdin

Piagets Cognitive Development Theory Wafa Nurdin Do children perceive, think, and understand the world the way adults do? Jean Piaget asked himself the same question while working at Alfred Binet's laboratory. He noticed that children of the same age tended to give the same wrong answers suggesting that they shared a common way of thinking. He interviewed and observed numerous children over several years and concluded that the child's mind is not a miniature version of the adult's. Through his research, Piaget developed his cognitive development theory. He proposed that all human beings proceed through a series of orderly and predictable stages of cognitive development at about the same age. Moreover, a prior stage must be completed to progress to the next phase and that children proceed from concrete to more abstract thoughts as they grow older. They start from the sensorimotor stage from birth to age 2, then onward to the preoperational stage from 2-7, the concrete operational stage from 7-11, and finally the formal operational s tage from adolescence and adulthood until death.Werner Erhard and Associates v. Christopher Cox fo...This theory is the most accurate hypothesis in explaining how human beings develop into complete selves because it is what the western education system is based upon. Seeing that intellectuality is valued so much, this theory is used as a guide and a base in which children grow academically throughout life.The western world has thoroughly embraced Piaget's theory and hypothesis, so much so, that the whole educational system is based upon the stages he outlined for the mind capacity. Having one of the most practical theories, Piaget actually states the potential that a child should have at a certain age. As a child first enters the classroom, his/her senses are bombarded with the numerous stimuli that are around them. From then on, they are expected to grow and to comprehend the...

The influence of napoleon on the haitian revolution Research Paper

The influence of napoleon on the haitian revolution - Research Paper Example Haiti became self governed directly from French colony. Back at the time of the revolution, Haiti was called Saint-Domingue, a French colony. Different colonies across the world, such as the islands of Saint Kitts, Guadeloupe, Marbados, and Jamaica rebelled slavery but the only revolt on Saint-Domingue succeeded in 1791. The Saint-Domingue slaves fought a lot to end slavery (Garraway 79). It consisted of 50,000 slaves , 28,000 blacks (which were both mullatos and blacks ) and 32,000 whites. Blacks who were said to be free had the ownership of one-third of the property which is the plantation, and one-quarter of the Saint Domingue slaves. However they could not practice a couple of professions for example medicine. Alongside with that it is one of the most successful revolution to achieve permanent independence . Napoleon was a French and political leader. He served as the Emperor of French from 1804 – 1815. After L’Overture defeated French forces for the first time, Nap oleon got his troops back to Saint-Domingue by 1803 to reclaim slavery and colonialism secretly though his plans hardly succeeded In the year 1804 the slaves ended the slavery. It is well known that the rebellion was influenced by the 1789 French revolution which presented human rights concept , citizenship , and government participation. By the 18th century, Saint Dominigue also known as the Haiti was became one of the wealthiest colonies due to its large production of coffee, cotton, indigo and sugar cane. Planters were extremely frustrated by the French because they were forbidden to trade with other nations. The French introduced sugar cane irrigation systems and by the year 1740 Santa-Domingue together with Jamaica were worlds sugar producers. The revolution emerged a period of high slave trade at Trans Atlantic (Geggus 71). Africans and the white colonialist frequently had conflicts owing from the slaves who tried to escape. However , a few of the runaway slaves lived in the w oods to escape the control. They survived by conducting raids and violence on the coffee and sugar plantation islands. Runaway slaves were called maroons therefore an effective maroon leader emerged in the year 1751 to 1757 known as Erancois Mackandal, his main role that he played was unifying the blacks resistance. By drawing the African tradition together with religion, he inspired his people. In the year 1758, the French captured Mackandal. After his death the maroons were more persistent in raids and violence. Some of the rebellion leaders that followed after Mackandol include Cristophe, Toussaint, Baukman, Biassou, Jeannot, Dessalines and Francois. The leaders helped the people to a complete success. Moreover, revolutionary movements emerged. After emerging a successful revolt in history, Napoleon Bonarte established a large expeditory force that was made of French soldiers and warships. The force was led by his brother –in-law called Charles Leclerc, in order to restore the French rule. During Napoleon Bonapartes reign he sent one of the largest colonial venture to run. The Napoleons main goal was to remove the Toussaint revolution from office. Moreover he wanted slavery restored. Within a period of two years the Haiti declared its independence and the remnants of Bonaparte ‘s who were once proud were evacuated. Christopher Columbus in 1492 discovered the island of Hispaniola, which at that time was known

Risk And Project Management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Risk And Project Management - Literature review Example Risk management is â€Å"the process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to business and project risk in order to minimize the consequences of adverse risk-based events† (Barkley, 2004, p. 3). According to Silvers (2010), the management of events is complex and replete with responsibilities. The process of preparing plans and executing them requires the participation of a good number of personnel, equipment and expertise, all of which must be gathered at one location in order to accomplish the set of activities that would complete the planned project. Events may be small in scale and limited in their complexity; others would be substantially more challenging, taking a much longer time to complete, and requiring the collaboration of many other talents working in conjunction with each other, the setting (location, time, weather, etc.) and against the constraints of a budget. Because of the multitude of unknown factors, risks abound in the execution of a project, from the p lanning phase until the last clean-up operation. There are financial risks that pertain to the business side, implying the possibility that the expected returns may not be realized. There are also the real risks of physical injury due to fortuitous events that, despite all precautions, occur unexpectedly. The job of events management is to assess and take cognizance of all these risks, so as to allocate for the possibility that they may happen and to allow the project team to address them. The importance of this topic is attested to by a substantial number of articles and researches that have been undertaken on the topic of project. This chapter shall review the available literature on the subject. Below are two diagrams depicting the risk management process, sequentially and then functionally. Project definition and project life cycle The risks attendant to events management are of the same nature of risks to which all projects are subjected to. A project is â€Å"an activity that has a beginning and an end which is carried out to achieve a particular purpose to a set quality within given time constraints and cost limits† (Chartered Management Institute). Essentially, events are projects with a tangible beginning and end and dedicated to attain one result, and therefore follow the project life cycle development. The project life cycle is a representation of â€Å"the linear progression of a project, from defining the project through making a plan, executing the work, and losing out the project† (Verzuh, 2008, p. 23). There are numerous ways of depicting the life cycle of a project, one of which is presented in the following diagram. http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/century21/figure3.gif The risks of doing business There are many types of projects that have different objectives; whether they are philanthropic or for profit, there is certainly a cost factor involved that places a constraint on the manner the business is run. At best, the project s hould earn a decent return for the organizers where the aim is fund raising or the furtherance of a business. At the least, the costs incurred must be within the limits set by the sponsors. In any case, uncertainties in the events surrounding the project’s execution may impact in the form of higher than expected costs or lower than expected revenues. According to Ibrahim (2010), it is possible to introduce some diversification in order for events

Eqyptian Culture Essay Example for Free

Eqyptian Culture Essay Ancient Egypt was a fascinating and complex place. Luckily for historians, Egyptians had made great strides in record keeping which have made studying their culture and society easier than some previous historical eras. Ancient Egyptians were a people who were intensely religious, deeply divided by gender roles and a strong hierarchy, and quite advanced for their period in terms of their technological and economic innovations. Egyptians were deeply religious, and religion played a role in nearly all aspects of their daily lives. When the ancient Egyptians experienced periods of peace and prosperity, they attributed credit for the success to their deities (Slaughter, 5). The Egyptians experienced centuries of remarkable stability and considered this state to be the ma ’at, which was Egyptian for the â€Å"natural order† (Slaughter, 5). Even though they considered good order and balance in their society to be natural, it had to be protected by the pharaoh, who was considered to have been born mortal but imbued with godhood upon receipt of the throne, and was expected to be an earthly presence of the divine (Slaughter, 5). His religious standing gave the pharaoh a unique legal and authoritative position in ancient Egyptian culture. The pharaoh was expected to defend the nation, take responsibility for all administrative duties, declare all of the laws, and own all of the land (Slaughter, 5). For practical reasons, much of the pharaoh’s responsibilities were delegated to a bureaucracy (Slaughter, 5). Within this bureaucracy, staffed mostly by men, success was measured by the degree to which a person promoted order and prosperity within their stewardship (Slaughter, 5-6). Ancient Egypt had a strong social hierarchy, where a small group of the population, mostly the male elders, formed an elite class that that tightly controlled the rest of society (Slaughter, 7). This hierarchy was rooted in a wide variety of economic, political, religious and social causes that imbued those in power with authority in almost all areas of society (Slaughter, 7). The nature of most economic and commercial activity at the time created great â€Å"wealth, power, and opportunities† for elite men, while putting other men and all women in a position of submission to or dependence on the elite (Slaughter, 7). The division of labor that arose based at first on survival needs created societal attitudes about the roles, attributes, and abilities of men and women (Slaughter, 7). Men were the rulers and hard laborers, while women were the family caretakers (Slaughter, 7). The fertility and sexuality of a woman was her main contribution to Egyptian society, and these attributes were celebrated throughout the culture (Slaughter, 7). Women were expected to marry at 12 or 13 years of age, and to bear children often within the first year after marriage (Discussion, Ian Falconer). Although women were usually not part of the religious or political ruling elite, they were highly respected for their fertility, and were given most of the same legal rights as men (Discussion, Keako Crill). In some rare instances, women actually did manage to rise to stations of power and privilege, sometimes as priestesses to a God within the pharaoh’s bureaucracy (Slaughter, 5), and in four instances, including the case of Hatshepsut, women actually became the supreme rulers of the land (Slaughter, 6). Ancient Egyptians achieved an impressive level of manufacturing and commercia l capability for their time, which allowed them to achieve great strength and geopolitical dominance. Egyptians took advantage of many opportunities to learn, such as using the mummification process as a chance to learn about anatomy and medicine (Discussion, Katelyn Dreger). The Egyptians also developed a calendar with the same number of days as ours, though more closely tied to the seasons. Their calendar had three seasons, each consisting of four 30 day months, and an extra five days between harvest and planting that brought the total days in a year to 365 (Discussion, Tad Gale). This system allowed them to know when to plant and harvest based on the seasons of the year and the rise and fall of the water level in the Nile River in order to get maximum utilization of their vital lands. They also managed to develop a forerunner to our modern day beer by either fermenting water with bread crumbled into it, or by actually fermenting barley and wheat in a similar fashion to modern methods (Discussion, Tad Gale.) Their engineering feats were also impressive, and ranged from the technical prowess that showed itself in their massive pyramids, to the mastery of physics involved in developing advanced chariots that ran faster, quieter, and more stable than their counterparts created by their enemies (Discussion, Blair Vanderlugt). The nature of ancient Egyptian society was quite unique for its time period. Egyptian culture was distinct from neighboring nations, and Egyptians had many advantages that gave them an edge politically and commercially.

Corporate Social Responsibility :: Social Responsibility Essays

Introduction of CSR Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a widespread topic in business issues and critical sector. In the fast fast companies are facing fast change and consumers always on the topic of traceability of food chain. Consumers and governmental organizations are increasingly focusing their attention on corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. CSR research has evolved over the last 50 years (Carroll, 1999). CSR is divided as a four parts pyramid (Carroll, 1991). Firstly, the meaning of economic responsibility, organization should be profitable. Secondly, the legal responsibility is very important for the company to obey the laws of the society. Thirdly, the ethical responsibility of the company to do what is right and philanthropic responsibility of the company is related to social, educational, recreational or cultural. Each factor is very important and there are lively relationship between all and when understanding the meaning it reflected to corporation.(Carroll, 19 91).As a foundation, Carroll (1979, 1991) integrated various streams of CSR research to define a model that extended corporate performance beyond traditional economic and legal considerations to include ethical and discretionary responsibilities. Article ‘Philanthropic’ Support for the Arts: Views from the Corporate Sector (Nigel J. Baldwin B.Bus. M. Accounting & Finance) Graduate School of Business, RMIT University, August 2009 http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/uploads/approved/adt-VIT20100205.141643/public/02whole.pdf CSR in food industry CSR in the food industry are complicated and with the development of internet, mostly companies use websites for showcase their CSR on food safety developed marketing goals. Moreover, CSR activities can enhance brand, customer satisfaction, employee’s rates and relation with government (Freeman, 1984). There are so many other benefits include improved financial performance, reduced operating costs, relationship link with customers and awareness of their needs (Jones, Comport & Hillier, 2008) Introduction The fast-food industry has been developing rapidly in the markets globally, at the same time bringing several significant changes in practices, work, and employment relations. Fast food is very much popular in every culture, it is spreading by a society, including commercial, political, media and other systems.Fast food restaurants are very famous and their products prepared in a standardized method that their customers satisfied with quickly and efficiently for takeaway. The growth and success has brought disadvantages to the workers’ rights and the conditions of work as well as providing well insight on how work and employment relation should be managed better. (Royle & Towers, 2002)

Review on Physics of the Impossible by Michio Kaku Essay

The most recent book that I have read is â€Å"Physics of the Impossible† written by Michio Kaku. It seems like the author doesn’t know the meaning of the word â€Å"impossible†, or rather, to be slightly more accurate, he has redefined the term to enable him realistically to examine and predict the future of science and technologies, from teleportation and time travel to robots and starships. Michio Kaku is an esteemed theoretical physicist and one of the world’s leading authorities on string theory (essentially an attempt to discover a â€Å"theory of everything† combining all of the known physical forces), and he also specialises in future science, having presented several television programmes on the topic. Kaku is well placed to try to imagine what developments might possibly occur in the fields of science and technology over the coming years, centuries, millennia and aeons. Handily, for those of us not familiar with the process of speculating on the future of physics, he’s split his impossibilities into three categories. Class I impossibilities are technologies which are impossible today, but don’t violate the known laws of physics. Kaku reckons that these impossibilities – including things such as teleportation and psychokinesis – might be possible in sometime within the next couple of hundred years. Class II impossibilities such as time machines and hyperspace travel are at the very edge of our scientific understanding, and may take millions of years to become possible. And the trickiest of all, Class III impossibilities, are technologies which break the laws of physics as we know them. Surprisingly, there are very few of these, and Kaku only examines two, perpetual motion machines and precognition (seeing into the future). This book takes a serious look at the science behind all the crazy futuristic ideas that have been showing up in science fiction over the years. Indeed, there are so many references to Star Trek and Star Wars scattered throughout this book, that you sometimes wonder if physicists just spend all their time watching old sci-fi re-runs and trying to work out how to recreate the technologies included in them. In some sense, this is an intriguing vision of our possible development over the forthcoming millennia, but at the same time it’s also frustrating. After reading Kaku’s boundless enthusiasm for the future, what i wouldn’t give for a real-life time machine to travel forwards and see just how accurate his predictions are. I enjoyed how Kaku presented his cases in terms of recent scientific and technological developments where possible, and for the most part he was a clear and engaging writer, able to explain some mind-boggling physics concepts in terms which are fairly easy to grasp, especially when dealing with his Class I impossibilities in the earlier chapters. As the book progresses into more and more speculative territory, he is forced to rely less on using current research and development, and more on purely theoretical physics. After all that I can say that the book noticeably expanded my vocabulary and gave me some insight on just what can we expect from the future. I will defiantly try reading some other books by this author in my foreseeable future.

Essay about Responsiblity for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet

Responsiblity for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet The final tragedy in the play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is the death of Romeo and Juliet. It’s a result of the feud of the two houses: Capulets and Montagues, but amongst other likely causes are the personalities of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo is ‘hot-headed’ and Juliet lacks experience in life because of her young age. Other characters who play a significant part in driving them to their deaths are: Tybalt, Mercutio, Friar Lawrence, The Nurse, Old Capulet, Romeo himself and Juliet herself. Also, the political circumstances in Verona have a part to play because the Prince doesn’t do anything to stop the feud of the two families. A ‘weak’ Prince adds tension†¦show more content†¦This also points out that in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ the two families can be similarly compared to the Christian faith because everyone chooses which family/faith to support. The reign of Elizabeth is famous for romantic intrigues. Elizabeth (can be in comparison to Juliet) fell in love with the Earl of Leicester (can be in comparison to Romeo) thus her closest advisors wanted her to marry King Philip of Spain (which relates to Paris in ‘Romeo and Juliet’). However, Leicester’s own political carelessness led to his arrest for treason. In the end, he was executed along with his closest friends and allies who were thought to be in league with him. Therefore, Elizabeth never married. Juliet’s lover ends up, effectively, a victim of ‘state intervention’. As we go on in the play of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ we discover that the cause of the two lover’s death has someone responsible. Tybalt’s anger, his argumentative nature and his deep and violent hatred of the Montague’s is clearly responsible in part for the death of the lovers. Tybalt’s hot-blooded nature leads him to confront the Montague’s in Verona’s market